2. Examples of Network Topology, their Definition and post example picture.

2. Examples of Network Topology, their Definition and post example picture.

-Tree Topology is a combination of the BUS and STAR Topology. The tree like structure allows you to have many servers on the network and you can branch out the networks in many ways. This is particularly helpful for colleges, universities and schools so the each of the branches can identify the relevant systems in thier own network and yet connect to the big network in some way.

or

-Bus (Line) nodes are connected to a main (bus) cable. If data is being sent between nodes then other nodes cannot transmit. If too many nodes are connected then the transfer of data slows dramatically as the nodes have to wait longer for the bus to be clear.


-A Fully connected network is a mesh network in which each of nodes is connected to each other. A fully connected network doesn't need to use switching nor broadcasting.


-Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest from, a star network consits of one central switch, hub or computer which acts as a conduit to transmit messages.




-Mesh network differ from other networks in that the component parts can all connect to each other via multiple hops, and they generally are not mobile. Mesh network can be seen as one type of adhoc network.





-A Ring network i

1. WHAT IS TOPOLOGY
distinguishes different kinds of geometry from each other (including topology here as a kind of geometry) is in the kinds of transformations that are allowed before you really consider something changed. (This point of view was first suggested by Felix Klein, a famous German mathematician of the late 1800 and early 1900's.)

8. Example of networking cables and thier functions post atleast 10 with Picture

8. Example of networking cables and thier functions post atleast 10 with Picture

- USB 2.0 NETWORK CABLE is one of the computers accessories that can help you to network your two computers to transfer your files, music, video, photos etc. USB 2.0 File Transfer cable also create virtual network and share even printers, scanners and other peripherals among computers. Using USB 2.0 File Transfer Cable you are able to transfer your data transfer rate 115 to 176 Mbps. USB 2.0 File Transfer Cable is easy to setup just install the software and plug USB File Transfer Cable and you where able to transfer data in simple drag and drop operation. The hardware requirement is very minimal even Pentium III or lower specification is compatible and compatible for almost all windows including Windows 98, Windows ME,Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista. Another improvement for USB 2.0 File Transfer is allowing you to Network your Internet.

-Category 5 cable is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair design for noise rejection, and some are shielded. Category 5 has been superseded by the Category 5e specification structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet, and is also used to carry many other signals such as basic voice services, token ring, and ATM (at up to 155 Mbit/s, over short distances).

-Cat-6 cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that are backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. Compared with Cat-5 and Cat-5e, Cat-6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise. The cable standard provides performance of up to 250 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T / 1000BASE-TX (Gigabit Ethernet) and 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet). Category 6 cables has a reduced maximum length when used for 10GBASE-T; Category 6a cable, or Augmented Category 6, is characterized to 500MHz and has improved alien crosstalk characteristics, allowing 10GBASE-T to be run for the same distance as previous protocols. Category 6 cables can be identified by the printing on the side of the cable sheath.

-An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network adapters.

- LAN cable is connected to other computers via a central hub.

A LAN cable system is typically implemented by physically

connecting all of these devices with copper-conductor twisted-pair

LAN cables, the most common being an 8-wire

cable which is configured as 4 twisted-wire pairs.

-Unshielded twisted pair cable The cable that is used to connect devices in a LOCAL AREA NETWORK. It is often referred to as UTP and it consists of four pairs of cables which are twisted with a different number of pairs per inch in order to minimize interference. A major disadvantage of this type of cable is that it may react to radio or electrical interference. A version of this cabling known as SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE has been developed to overcome the problems with electrical interference.

-Shielded Twisted-Pair cable, STP is a type of
cable originally developed by IBM for Token Ring that
consists of two individual wires wrapped in
a foil shielding to help provide a more reliable data communication.

-Serial ATA or SATA cable computer bus, is a storage-interface for
connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices
such as hard disk drives and optical drives. The SATA
host adapter is integrated into almost all modern
consumer laptop computers and desktop motherboards.

-Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with
an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating
layer typically of a flexible material with a
high dielectric constant, all of which are
surrounded by a conductive layer called the
shield (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of
a thin metallic foil), and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the outside.

-Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in
which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a
single circuit) are twisted together for
the purposes of canceling
out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external
sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs

7. Example of Networking devices and thier functions, post atleast 10 with pictures.

7. Example of Networking devices and thier functions, post atleast 10 with pictures.

-PROTOCOL CONVERTER a hardware device that converts

between two different types of transmission,

such as asynchronous and synchronous transmission.

-NETWORK CARD a piece of a computer hardware to

allow the attached the computer to communicate by a network.

-MULTIPLEXER device that combines several

electrical signals into a single signal.

-DIGITAL MEDIA RECEIVER connects a

computer network to a home theatre

-MULTILAYER SWITCH a switch which, in addition

to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality

at higher protocol layer.

-NETWORK ADDRESS network service provide as

hardware or software that converts internal

to external network addresses and vice versa.

-NETWORK GATEWAY is an internetworking system

cable of joining together two networks that use different base protocol.

-ROUTERS is a networking device whose software

and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks

of routing and forwarding information.

-BRIDGES is a internetworking device used to

help conserve the bandwidth on the network.

-REPEATERS is an electronic device that

receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher

level and/or higher power, or onto the other

side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.

6.Example of networking with picture....

WIDE AREA NETWORKING

LOCAL AREA NETWORKING

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKING

PEER TO PEER NETWORKING

COMPLEX NETWORKING

5.What is networking?
*it is the act of working using computer network; the act of connecting computers into network; the act of meeting new people in a business or social context.

4.Example of OSI layer?
*

Layer 7: Application Layer

• Defines interface-to-user processes for communication and data transfer in network
• Provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

• Masks the differences of data formats between dissimilar systems
• Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format
• Encodes and decodes data; encrypts and decrypts data; compresses and decompresses data

Layer 5: Session Layer

• Manages user sessions and dialogues
• Controls establishment and termination of logic links between users
• Reports upper layer errors

Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Manages end-to-end message delivery in network
• Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control mechanisms
• Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery

Layer 3: Network Layer

• Determines how data are transferred between network devices
• Routes packets according to unique network device addresses
• Provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

• Defines procedures for operating the communication links
• Frames packets
• Detects and corrects packets transmit errors

Layer 1: Physical Layer

• Defines physical means of sending data over network devices
• Interfaces between network medium and devices
• Defines

3.What is OSI layer?
*OSI: The Network Layer
This page, from Cisco Systems, provides an illustrated overview of OSI with information on OSI network-layer services and protocols, routing protocols, and a description of Cisco's OSI implementation.

2.Example of network topology?
*Ring Topology In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.

Illustration - Ring Topology Diagram

Star Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)

Illustration - Star Topology Diagram

Tree Topology

Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

1.What is network topology?
*In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines.